The Shih Tzu: One of the Oldest Breeds in China
The Shih Tzu dog, one of the most recognizable toy breeds, is cherished for its adorable appearance and affectionate personality. This small dog, with its luxurious coat and lively expression, has an illustrious history that traces back thousands of years. Its origin is intertwined with the history of ancient China and Tibet, where the breed was favoured by emperors and monks alike. The Shih Tzu’s story reflects a deep cultural connection to royalty, spirituality, and companionship.
Ancient Origins in Tibet
The Shih Tzu’s journey begins in the mountains of Tibet, where small, lion-like dogs were bred and revered. The Tibetan monks often bred dogs as temple companions, believing that they had a spiritual role to play. These dogs were considered sacred, symbolizing the mythical lion, which is a prominent figure in Buddhist art and philosophy. Hence, many small, long-haired dogs in Tibet were referred to as “lion dogs.”
One of the closest ancestors of the Shih Tzu is believed to be the Lhasa Apso, a breed that also originated in Tibet. The Lhasa Apso, which served as a sentinel in monasteries, had a similar appearance to what would later become the Shih Tzu. The monks and Tibetan nobility likely gifted some of these prized dogs to Chinese royalty, setting the stage for the development of the modern Shih Tzu.
The Role of Chinese Royalty
Although the Shih Tzu has Tibetan roots, its identity and refinement as a breed are primarily credited to Chinese royalty, particularly the imperial courts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), these dogs were brought to China as gifts, where they became beloved companions of the Chinese emperors and their families.
It was within the confines of the Forbidden City, where only the elite and royalty were allowed, that these small dogs flourished. In particular, they found favour with the emperors and empresses of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912). The name “Shih Tzu” itself means “lion dog” in Mandarin Chinese, further reflecting the breed’s deep connection to the lion imagery in both Chinese and Tibetan cultures.
The Empress Dowager Cixi, one of the most famous figures in Chinese history, was particularly known for her love of dogs, especially the Shih Tzu. She bred these dogs within the palace, creating specific lines and ensuring that they remained small, elegant, and well-cared-for. There are many historical paintings and accounts that depict her surrounded by these regal dogs, which were considered treasures of the court.
The Chinese emperors also believed that the Shih Tzu brought good fortune and protection, attributing to them a near-mythical status. They were not merely pets but also symbols of wealth and power, and their breeding was highly controlled, restricted to the imperial household. The Shih Tzu’s role as a cherished palace companion cemented its status as a breed associated with luxury and prestige.
European Discovery and Development
While the Shih Tzu flourished behind the palace walls, it remained virtually unknown outside China until the early 20th century. When the Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1912, China began to open up more to the outside world, and foreign diplomats, military personnel, and travellers were able to glimpse these royal dogs for the first time.
Westerners, particularly the British, who had a strong colonial presence in China during this period, became intrigued by these small, elegant dogs. Several Shih Tzus were taken to Europe in the early 20th century, where they quickly captured the interest of dog enthusiasts. In England, the Shih Tzu began to be bred and shown in dog shows. They were originally confused with the Pekingese, another breed associated with Chinese royalty, but their unique characteristics soon set them apart.
The first Shih Tzu breed club was established in England in 1935, and in 1940, the breed standard was officially recognized. However, World War II temporarily disrupted the breed’s development in Europe. It was during this time that soldiers and travellers brought more Shih Tzus back to the West, particularly to the United States.
The Shih Tzu in Modern Times
After World War II, the Shih Tzu’s popularity began to soar, especially in the United States and Europe. American servicemen who had been stationed in Asia brought back these charming dogs, and they became the foundation of the breed’s spread in the West.
In 1969, the American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognized the Shih Tzu as a distinct breed, and its popularity continued to rise. Known for its distinctive long, flowing coat, its affectionate temperament, and its adaptable size, the Shih Tzu quickly became a favourite companion dog. The breed is small enough to thrive in apartments but sturdy and playful enough to keep up with more active households. Its charming personality and adaptability have made it one of the most beloved toy breeds in the world.
Today, the Shih Tzu is a popular pet not only for its beauty but also for its loving nature. They are known to be friendly, playful, and affectionate, making them excellent companions for families, seniors, and singles alike. Despite their royal origins, Shih Tzus are unpretentious dogs who thrive on companionship and attention from their human families.
Conclusion
The Shih Tzu’s long and storied history—from the Tibetan monasteries to the royal courts of China, and finally to homes around the world—reflects its deep cultural and historical significance. Bred for centuries as a companion to royalty, this breed continues to embody elegance, loyalty, and charm. While it no longer resides in palaces, the Shih Tzu remains a symbol of love and companionship, adored by dog lovers everywhere. Its journey from sacred lion dog to beloved household pet is a testament to the breed’s enduring appeal and unique place in canine history.
