One of the Oldest and Most Iconic Dog Breeds
The Pekingese dog, often referred to as the “lion dog,” is one of the oldest and most iconic dog breeds. With a rich history rooted in Chinese royalty, this breed has captured the fascination of both ancient and modern societies. From their divine status in the Chinese Imperial Court to their global spread, the Pekingese breed boasts a remarkable story filled with myth, reverence, and an enduring charm.
Ancient Beginnings: The Sacred Dog of China
The Pekingese has a history that stretches back over 2,000 years. Originating in ancient China, these dogs were bred specifically for Chinese royalty, particularly during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD). The breed’s name, “Pekingese,” is derived from Peking, the former name of Beijing, China’s capital. These dogs were prized not only for their appearance but also for their cultural and religious significance.
Pekingese dogs were believed to be sacred, often associated with Buddhist symbolism. The resemblance of their face to a lion’s was no coincidence, as lions were revered in Buddhist tradition as protectors. According to legend, these small dogs were considered embodiments of the lion spirit, yet small enough to be carried in the sleeves of noblemen’s robes. This aura of divinity elevated the breed to a near-mythical status, making them more than just pets; they were companions of the gods. Indeed, commoners were forbidden from owning a Pekingese, and the theft of one was punishable by death.
The Legend of the Lion and the Marmoset
One of the most famous myths surrounding the Pekingese involves the legend of a lion who fell in love with a marmoset. Because of their size difference, the lion pleaded with Buddha to reduce his size so that he could be with his beloved. Buddha granted this request, shrinking the lion to the size of a small dog while allowing it to retain its majestic nature. The resulting creature was the Pekingese, symbolizing courage, nobility, and loyalty despite its diminutive stature.
This legend reflects the breed’s perception within ancient China: small but mighty, gentle yet fearless, and always worthy of reverence. These qualities remain intrinsic to the Pekingese breed today, revered for both its historical significance and distinctive personality.
Exclusivity in the Imperial Court
Pekingese dogs were an integral part of the Chinese Imperial Court, where they were often pampered and treated with the utmost respect. Emperors and their families adored the breed, and they were often seen sitting on silken cushions, receiving the attention reserved for royalty. They were frequently given the same status as members of the royal family.
Empress Dowager Cixi, a powerful figure in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), is perhaps the most famous historical figure associated with the Pekingese. Her affection for these dogs was well-documented, and her court was known to have had many Pekingese dogs. She is often depicted in portraits alongside her beloved
companions, a testament to their symbolic association with imperial authority and the divine.
For centuries, the Pekingese remained confined to the palaces of Chinese emperors, unknown to the outside world. The dogs were so cherished that they were often buried alongside their owners to keep them company in the afterlife, symbolizing eternal loyalty.
The Opium Wars: The Pekingese Reaches the West
The Pekingese’s journey to the Western world is intricately linked to the Opium Wars between China and Britain in the mid-19th century. During the Second Opium War (1856–1860), British and French troops looted the Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in Beijing. As they ransacked the imperial grounds, they found five Pekingese dogs that had survived the destruction.
One of these dogs was brought back to England and presented to Queen Victoria, who named the dog “Looty.” The arrival of Looty sparked interest in the breed across Europe, and soon the Pekingese became a sought-after breed among European aristocracy. From that point onward, the breed’s popularity grew rapidly in both the United Kingdom and the United States.
Development in the Western World
After their introduction to Europe, Pekingese dogs became symbols of status and wealth among the upper class. Their exotic origin, coupled with their association with Chinese royalty, made them highly desirable. The breed was soon recognized by various kennel clubs, including the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1906.
As breeders in Europe and North America sought to develop and maintain the breed’s distinct characteristics, the Pekingese’s long flowing coat, flat face, and regal demeanour became defining traits. However, the breed remained relatively rare and was considered a luxury item due to the expense and effort required to maintain their coats.
Characteristics and Personality
The Pekingese is a small dog, typically weighing between 7 to 14 pounds. Despite its size, the breed is known for its bold and sometimes independent nature. Pekingese dogs are often described as having a lion-like attitude—confident, brave, and sometimes aloof. They are fiercely loyal to their owners and can be protective of their home and family, traits that echo their role as companions to Chinese royalty.
Their physical traits are also distinctive, with their flat faces, dark, expressive eyes, and abundant coat of fur making them easily recognizable. The breed’s coat requires regular grooming to prevent matting, and their flat faces can sometimes lead to respiratory issues, a characteristic common among brachycephalic breeds.
Modern Day Pekingese
Today, Pekingese dogs continue to be admired for their regal bearing and historical significance. While their days as sacred companions to emperors are long gone, they remain popular as pets for those who appreciate their unique appearance and character. The breed is still favoured in dog shows, where its coat, stature, and attitude are judged according to strict standards.
The Pekingese is a breed that carries its rich history in every step. From its origins as the sacred lion-dog of China to its spread across the globe, the Pekingese remains a symbol of nobility, courage, and timeless charm. Though no longer the exclusive property of emperors, the Pekingese still commands respect and admiration wherever it goes, a testament to its ancient heritage and enduring appeal.
