The Most Iconic Dog Breeds in the World
The Saint Bernard dog: The most iconic dog breed in the world, known for its massive size, gentle temperament, and association with rescue work in the Swiss Alps. These dogs, often depicted with a small barrel of brandy around their necks, are deeply rooted in the history of the mountainous region between Switzerland and Italy. Their story spans centuries, and their origins can be traced to a blend of Roman war dogs and alpine herding breeds, evolving into the magnificent rescuers that we know today. Here’s a look at the history and origins of the Saint Bernard.
Ancient Roots and the Roman Connection
The Saint Bernard’s ancestry can be traced back to the Molosser dogs, a large breed used by the ancient Romans for warfare and protection. When the Romans expanded into the Alps around 2,000 years ago, they brought these Molosser dogs with them. The Molosser dogs were large, powerful, and versatile, used primarily for guarding livestock and property but also for assisting in battles. Over time, these dogs were bred with local alpine dogs, adapting to the harsh mountain climate and terrain. This early crossbreeding laid the foundation for the Saint Bernard breed, though it would be centuries before it was officially recognized.
The Hospice and Saint Bernard of Menthon
The true history of the Saint Bernard breed begins with a hospice founded by Saint Bernard of Menthon in the 11th century. Saint Bernard, an Augustinian monk, established the hospice around 1050 AD in the treacherous Great St. Bernard Pass, a high-altitude path between Switzerland and Italy. This pass, situated at an altitude of about 8,000 feet (2,438 meters), was notorious for its dangerous weather, avalanches, and shifting terrain. Pilgrims and travellers often found themselves lost or injured in the snowstorms, requiring assistance to navigate the perilous landscape.
The monks of the hospice began using large mountain dogs to help protect and guide travellers. Initially, these dogs were used for guarding the hospice, but their natural ability to navigate through deep snow and their keen sense of smell made them ideal for search and rescue operations. Over time, these dogs became known as the “hospice dogs” and eventually, as Saint Bernards, in honour of the hospice’s founder. Their role in search and rescue made them famous across Europe.
The Development of the Saint Bernard Breed
The breed began to take shape over the following centuries as the monks selectively bred the strongest and most resilient dogs for their rescue work. The harsh climate and treacherous conditions of the Alps naturally led to the development of certain traits in these dogs. They needed to be large enough to move through deep snow, with thick fur to protect them from freezing temperatures. They also had to be gentle and dependable, as they often worked in small groups or pairs, searching for lost or injured travellers.
By the 17th century, the Saint Bernard was well-established in the region. The first written reference to the breed as a distinct type of dog was in 1707, and by the early 18th century, their role as rescuers in the Alps was well-documented. These dogs were often used in pairs, as their combined strength and ability to detect buried victims in avalanches was critical to their success. One dog would often lie beside the victim to provide warmth while the other would return to the hospice to alert the monks.
During this period, Saint Bernards were smaller and less massive than the breed we recognize today. However, they were still large, sturdy, and incredibly agile for such mountainous terrain. Their natural instincts and exceptional sense of smell made them invaluable to the monks and travellers alike.
The Legend of Barry
One of the most famous Saint Bernards in history is Barry der Menschenretter (Barry the People Rescuer), who lived at the hospice from 1800 to 1812. Barry is said to have saved over 40 lives during his service as a rescue dog, a feat that cemented his place in folklore and made the breed synonymous with heroism. Barry’s remains were preserved and are now on display at the Natural History Museum in Bern, Switzerland, a tribute to the Saint Bernard’s enduring legacy.
Barry’s fame helped spread the reputation of the Saint Bernard across Europe, and by the 19th century, the breed’s renown had grown considerably. As more people learned about these dogs’ incredible ability to rescue people from the snowy Alps, interest in the breed grew outside of Switzerland.
Decline and Revival of the Breed
However, the mid-19th century brought challenges to the Saint Bernard breed. The harsh winters and avalanches in the Alps led to a decline in the number of dogs at the hospice. Many of the original hospice dogs perished during this time, leading the monks to crossbreed the remaining dogs with Newfoundlands, a breed with similar size and temperament. This crossbreeding resulted in the larger, longer-haired Saint Bernard that we are familiar with today. Unfortunately, the long hair proved less practical in snowy conditions, as it tended to become matted and ice-laden during rescues.
In the late 19th century, Saint Bernards began to be exported to other countries, particularly England and the United States, where they were bred more for show purposes than for their original rescue work. Breed clubs were established, and the Saint Bernard was recognized as a distinct breed by kennel clubs across the world.
Modern Saint Bernards
Today, Saint Bernards are rarely used for rescue work in the Alps, having been replaced by helicopters and modern equipment. However, the breed remains a symbol of heroism, strength, and loyalty. They are beloved as family pets, known for their gentle and friendly nature, despite their imposing size. The Swiss breed standard was established in 1887, and since then, Saint Bernards have been cherished for their historical significance and as gentle giants.
In conclusion, the history of the Saint Bernard is deeply intertwined with the rugged beauty and dangers of the Swiss Alps. From their ancient roots as Roman war dogs to their legendary role as rescuers in the mountains, Saint Bernards have captured the hearts of people around the world. Their legacy continues today, not just as a symbol of rescue, but as loyal and loving companions.
