The Pomeranian also known as a “Pom”
The Pomeranian, often affectionately referred to as a “Pom,” is a small, fluffy breed of dog known for its lively personality, abundant coat, and fox-like face. Although it is diminutive in size, the Pomeranian boasts a fascinating history that stretches back centuries, intertwined with royalty and the aristocracy. Its origins are rooted in the Pomerania region of Europe, which gives the breed its name, and its evolution over time showcases the selective breeding that shaped it into the beloved companion it is today.
Origins in Pomerania
The Pomeranian takes its name from the region of Pomerania, a historical area located along the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, encompassing parts of present-day Poland and Germany. This region was home to larger spitz-type dogs, which were believed to be the ancestors of modern Pomeranians. These early dogs were significantly larger, weighing between 20 and 30 pounds, and were used for various tasks, including herding sheep, pulling sleds, and guarding homes.
The Pomeranian belongs to the Spitz family of dogs, a group characterized by their pointed ears, thick fur, and bushy tails that curl over their backs. This family includes other breeds such as the Samoyed, Keeshond, and Alaskan Malamute. These dogs were well-adapted to the harsh climates of northern Europe, where their dense double coats protected them from cold weather, and their hardy nature made them ideal working dogs.
The transformation of the Pomeranian from a robust working dog to the tiny, companionable breed we know today was largely influenced by the whims of European aristocracy, particularly in England.
Royal Influence and Miniaturization
The Pomeranian’s journey from a larger working dog to a small lapdog is closely tied to British royalty, particularly Queen Victoria of England. In the 18th century, the breed began to gain popularity in European courts, but it was during Queen Victoria’s reign in the 19th century that the breed truly transformed.
In 1888, Queen Victoria visited Italy and fell in love with a small Pomeranian named Marco. At that time, most Pomeranians still resembled their larger ancestors, but Marco was considerably smaller, weighing around 12 pounds. Queen Victoria became an avid
breeder and promoter of the breed, favouring the smaller-sized Pomeranians. Her passion for the breed spurred a trend among the British aristocracy and the public, who began favouring the smaller, more delicate Pomeranians that were increasingly being bred.
Under Queen Victoria’s patronage, the size of Pomeranians gradually decreased. During her lifetime, Pomeranians were bred down to about half their original size, from their historical weight of 20-30 pounds to 3-7 pounds today. This miniaturization was achieved through selective breeding, with breeders focusing on producing smaller dogs with distinctive fluffy coat and charming personalities.
The popularity of Pomeranians spread throughout Europe and eventually to the United States, where the breed continued to thrive. By the time of Queen Victoria’s death in 1901, the Pomeranian had firmly established itself as a fashionable and desirable companion animal.
The Evolution of the Pomeranian
As the Pomeranian became more popular as a companion animal, breeders focused not only on reducing its size but also on enhancing other aesthetic traits. The Pomeranian’s thick double coat, for example, became one of the breed’s most distinguishing features. The undercoat is soft and dense, while the outer coat is longer and coarser, giving the breed its signature fluffy appearance. This coat required significant grooming, which only added to its appeal among the upper classes, as it signalled status and wealth.
In addition to its coat, the breed’s fox-like face, characterized by small, erect ears and bright, intelligent eyes, became a standard trait. These physical attributes, combined with the Pomeranian’s compact size, made the breed an ideal lapdog, well-suited for life in urban settings and apartments.
Another aspect that contributed to the breed’s enduring appeal was its lively and outgoing personality. Despite its small size, the Pomeranian is known for its bold, curious, and sometimes feisty nature. Pomeranians are often described as having a “big dog” personality in a small body, displaying traits such as confidence, alertness, and an eagerness to please their owners. This combination of physical beauty and spirited temperament made the Pomeranian a favourite among the nobility, and later, among the general public.
Recognition and Standardization
The breed’s popularity led to its formal recognition by kennel clubs around the world. In 1891, the Pomeranian Club of England was founded, and the breed standard was established. This standard defined the desirable traits of the Pomeranian, including its compact size, fox-like expression, and profuse coat. The American Kennel Club (AKC) recognized the breed in 1900, further cementing its status as a popular and prestigious breed.
Over the 20th century, the Pomeranian’s popularity continued to grow, with breeders refining the breed’s appearance and temperament. Modern Pomeranians are typically between 3 and 7 pounds and come in a wide variety of colours, including orange, black, white, and more. Their striking appearance and adaptable nature have made them a favourite among dog enthusiasts, show competitors, and families alike.
Conclusion
The history and origins of the Pomeranian dog are a testament to the breed’s enduring appeal and adaptability. From its roots as a sturdy working dog in the harsh climates of Pomerania to its transformation into a beloved companion of royalty and aristocrats, the Pomeranian has come a long way. The breed’s distinctive appearance, lively personality, and rich historical connections make it one of the most recognizable and cherished dog breeds in the world today. Whether as a show dog, a family pet, or a lapdog, the Pomeranian continues to enchant and captivate dog lovers across the globe.
